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*1001 $aComé, Mateus J.$4aut$_216576900
*24510$aEffectiveness of Bio-spray in the Control of Cashew Powdery Mildew (Oidium anacardii Noack): Shade house and Field Experiments
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*520  $aMeldugg, forårsaket av soppen Oidium anacardii, er en viktig sykdom ved produksjon av cashewnøtter. I dette arbeidet er det sett på effekten av ‘bio-spray’ (en blanding av utvalgte mikoorganismer og sirup fra casheweple og/eller sukkerrør) mot meldugg og for å finne den optimale konsentrasjonen av middelet mot sykdommen. To forsøk ble gjennomført; i et skygge-hus med småplanter av cashew og på friland i en ordinær planting. Det var fire behandlinger med ulike konsentrasjoner av bio-spray (10%, 15%, 20% and 25%), i tillegg til behandlinger med sirup (uten mikroorganismer tilsatt) i 5% konsentrasjon eller standard fungicider. Et kontroll-ledd var helt ubehandlet, mens et annet var behandlet med vann. I skyggehuset ble plantene inokulert med smitte fra andre planter, mens forsøkene på friland ble lagt i et felt som tidligere hadde hatt mye meldugg. I skyggehuset ble det foretatt to behandlinger med 15 dagers mellomrom bortsett fra fungicid som ble brukt en gang. På friland ble det foretatt fem behandlinger med enten bio-spray, sirup eller vann med 15 dagers mellomrom, mens standard fungicidbehandling ble utført tre ganger med 21 dagers mellomrom. Prosent blad med angrep og angrepsgrad ble registrert i skyggehuset. På friland ble i tillegg fenologisk stadium og avlingseffekter undersøkt. I skyggehuset ble det lite angrep av meldugg, mens det var betydelig angrep på friland. Det såkalte arealet under sykdomskurven (AUDPC) viste at de ulike konsentrasjonene av bio-spray ikke reduserte meldugg sammenlignet med kontroll-leddene. Det var noe bedre effekt av 15% konsentrasjon sammenlignet med 25%. Behandling med fungicider var signifikant bedre enn de andre behandlingene og var det eneste forsøksleddet som gav god kontroll av meldugg. Powdery mildew, caused by Oidium anacardii, is an important fungal disease in cashew nut producing countries worldwide. In this study, the effectiveness of ‘bio-spray’ (a mixture of selected microorganisms and molasses from cashew apple, sugar cane or both) was assessed aiming at determining the optimal concentration of bio-spray and its efficacy in the control of powdery mildew. Two experiments were conducted: one with grafted seedlings in a shade house and one with full size trees in the field. Treatments comprised of four concentrations of bio-spray (10, 15, 20 and 25%), molasses at 5% concentration, and the control treatments (either no application, or treatment with water), and standard fungicides. The occurrence of powdery mildew in the shade house was induced by artificial inoculation on seedlings. The experiment in the field was inside a block of mature cashew trees with a history of high levels of infection by O. anacardii, which ensured an adequate supply of natural inoculum. In the shade house there were two treatments with 15 days apart, except from the fungicides that were only applied once. In the field experiment, five applications of bio-spray, molasses and water were carried out at 15-day intervals; however, the standard fungicide treatment consisted of three applications at 21-day intervals. Incidence and severity of powdery mildew were assessed on seedlings in the shade house. Phenological stages, incidence and severity of powdery mildew, and cashew nut scarification and yield were recorded in the field. In the shade house, the success of powdery mildew inoculation was very low, with no difference among treatments. In the field, there were conducive conditions for powdery mildew to reach an epidemic stage. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) showed that the bio-spray concentrations tested did not reduce powdery mildew severity and incidence when compared with the untreated control. However, there was a tendency that powdery mildew progress was relatively lower at the 15% concentration compared to the highest bio-spray concentration (25%). There was a significant difference among treatments on cashew nut yield and scarification of cashew nut shell. Yield was highest on fungicide treated plants and nut shell scarification was lowest on fungicide treated plants. More research is needed on identification of effective microorganisms, multiplication strategies, and storage conditions on the efficacy of the bio-spray.
*588  $aTittel fra tittelskjermbildet
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*7001 $aAsalf, Belachew$4aut$_139926500
*7001 $aStensvand, Arne$4aut$_129475300
*7001 $aUaciquete, Américo$4aut$_216577000
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